The Importance of a Robust Domestic Supply Chain for Electric Vehicles in the US

The United States aims to significantly increase its production of electric vehicles (EVs), but to achieve this, it must establish a strong domestic supply chain that includes critical metals and minerals. In support of this goal, the Biden administration has allocated $3.5 billion in funding through the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act (IIJA) for investments in the EV battery supply chain and to boost domestic manufacturing.

Compared to China, which currently dominates global EV sales, the US is far behind. China’s success can be attributed to its strong EV manufacturing capabilities, including battery production. China manufactures 75% of all lithium-ion batteries and possesses the capacity to produce approximately 70% of cathodes and 85% of anodes – two essential components of batteries. Additionally, China controls more than half of the world’s lithium, cobalt, and graphite processing capacity, further enhancing its position in the EV market. In contrast, the US still lacks a reliable supply of minerals such as lithium.

Why China is winning the EV war

As highlighted in a previous analysis by the International Energy Agency (IEA), the transition from gasoline-powered vehicles to EVs necessitates a substantial amount of special metals and minerals. In fact, it takes around six times more of these materials to build an EV compared to a conventional internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicle. EVs require significant quantities of copper, nickel, and graphite. Although EVs currently represent a small fraction of the overall vehicle population, the demand for these key minerals and metals is already outpacing supply.

To successfully compete in the EV market and achieve the goal of EVs accounting for half of all new car sales by 2030, the US must prioritize the development of a robust domestic supply chain. This will involve investing in the production and processing of critical metals and minerals. By doing so, the US can reduce its dependence on foreign sources and ensure a sustainable and reliable supply for the growing EV industry.

๋ฏธ๊ตญ์€ ์ „๊ธฐ์ฐจ(EV) ์ƒ์‚ฐ๋Ÿ‰์„ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋Š˜๋ฆฌ๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ธˆ์†๊ณผ ๊ด‘๋ฌผ์„ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ๊ตญ๋‚ด ๊ณต๊ธ‰๋ง์„ ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋ฅผ ์ง€์›ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ฐ”์ด๋“  ํ–‰์ •๋ถ€๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์‹œ์„ค ํˆฌ์ž ๋ฐ ์ผ์ž๋ฆฌ๋ฒ•(IIJA)์„ ํ†ตํ•ด EV ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ๊ณต๊ธ‰๋ง ๋ฐ ๊ตญ๋‚ด ์ œ์กฐ์—… ์ด‰์ง„์„ ์œ„ํ•ด 35์–ต ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ฅผ ํˆฌ์žํ•  ์˜ˆ์ •์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

ํ˜„์žฌ ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ EV ํŒ๋งค๋Ÿ‰์„ ์ฃผ๋„ํ•˜๋Š” ์ค‘๊ตญ๊ณผ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜๋ฉด, ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์€ ํ˜„์ €ํžˆ ๋’ค๋–จ์–ด์ ธ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ์„ฑ๊ณต์€ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์„ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ EV ์ œ์กฐ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์— ๊ธฐ์ธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ค‘๊ตญ์€ ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ฆฌํŠฌ์ด์˜จ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ 75%๋ฅผ ์ƒ์‚ฐํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์บ์†Œ๋“œ์™€ ์• ๋…ธ๋“œ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ํ•„์ˆ˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ’ˆ์„ ์•ฝ 70%์™€ 85%๋ฅผ ์ƒ์‚ฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฐ–์ถ”๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ค‘๊ตญ์€ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ๋ฆฌํŠฌ, ์ฝ”๋ฐœํŠธ, ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”„๋ผ์ดํŠธ ๊ฐ€๊ณต ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์˜ ์ ˆ๋ฐ˜ ์ด์ƒ์„ ํ†ต์ œํ•˜์—ฌ EV ์‹œ์žฅ์—์„œ์˜ ์ž…์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ฐ•ํ™”ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋ฐ˜ํ•ด ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์€ ๋ฆฌํŠฌ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ด‘๋ฌผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‹ ๋ขฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ณต๊ธ‰์›์ด ๋ถ€์กฑํ•œ ์ƒํ™ฉ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๊ตญ์ œ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ(IEA)์˜ ์ด์ „ ๋ถ„์„์—์„œ ๊ฐ•์กฐ๋œ ๋Œ€๋กœ, ๊ฐ€์†”๋ฆฐ ์ž๋™์ฐจ์—์„œ EV๋กœ์˜ ์ „ํ™˜์€ ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•œ ๊ธˆ์†๊ณผ ๊ด‘๋ฌผ์˜ ์ƒ๋‹น๋Ÿ‰์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ƒ EV๋ฅผ ์ œ์กฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ๋‚ด์—ฐ๊ธฐ๊ด€ ์ž๋™์ฐจ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์•ฝ 6๋ฐฐ ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์žฌ๋ฃŒ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. EV๋Š” ๊ตฌ๋ฆฌ, ๋‹ˆ์ผˆ, ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”ผํŠธ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ธˆ์†๊ณผ ๊ด‘๋ฌผ์˜ ๋Œ€๋Ÿ‰ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์„ ์š”๊ตฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ˜„์žฌ EV๋Š” ์ „์ฒด ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰ ์ฃผํ–‰ ๋Œ€์ˆ˜์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€๋ถ„์— ๋ถˆ๊ณผํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ฃผ์š” ๊ด‘๋ฌผ๊ณผ ๊ธˆ์†์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ˆ˜์š”๋Š” ์ด๋ฏธ ๊ณต๊ธ‰์„ ์ดˆ๊ณผํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

EV ์‹œ์žฅ์—์„œ ์„ฑ๊ณต์ ์ธ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  2030๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ ์‹ ๊ทœ ์ž๋™์ฐจ ํŒ๋งค๋Ÿ‰์˜ ์ ˆ๋ฐ˜์ด EV๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์งˆ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋ฅผ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์€ ๊ตญ๋‚ด ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ๊ณต๊ธ‰๋ง์˜ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์— ์šฐ์„ ์ˆœ์œ„๋ฅผ ๋‘์–ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ธˆ์†๊ณผ ๊ด‘๋ฌผ์˜ ์ƒ์‚ฐ๊ณผ ๊ฐ€๊ณต์— ํˆฌ์žํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์€ ์™ธ๊ตญ ์ž์›์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜์กด๋„๋ฅผ ์ค„์ด๊ณ , ์„ฑ์žฅํ•˜๋Š” EV ์‚ฐ์—…์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ง€์† ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ ๋ขฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ณต๊ธ‰์„ ๋ณด์žฅํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

ํ‚ค์›Œ๋“œ ๋ฐ ์šฉ์–ด:
– ์ „๊ธฐ์ฐจ(EV): ๋‚ด์—ฐ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ด ์•„๋‹Œ ์ „๊ธฐ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ๋™์ž‘ํ•˜๋Š” ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰.
– ๊ด‘๋ฌผ: ๋•…์†์— ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š” ์ž์—ฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ˜•์„ฑ๋œ ๋ฌผ์งˆ๋กœ์„œ, ๊ธˆ์†์ ์ธ ํŠน์ง•์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ฑ„๊ตดํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฐ€๊ณต์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค.
– ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ: ์ „๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ถ•์ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ €์žฅํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์žฅ์น˜๋กœ์„œ, ์ „์ง€(cell)๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค.
– ๋ฆฌํŠฌ์ด์˜จ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ: ๋ฆฌํŠฌ๊ณผ ์ด์˜จ์ด ์ด๋™ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ „๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ถ•์ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ €์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ๋กœ ๋งŽ์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ์ข…๋ฅ˜ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ด๋‹ค.
– ์บ์†Œ๋“œ: ์ „์ง€์—์„œ ์ „ํ•˜๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›๋Š” ์œ„์น˜์ด๋ฉฐ, ์–‘๊ทน์œผ๋กœ๋„ ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
– ์• ๋…ธ๋“œ: ์ „์ง€์—์„œ ์ „ํ•˜๋ฅผ ๋‚ด๋ณด๋‚ด๋Š” ์œ„์น˜์ด๋ฉฐ, ์Œ๊ทน์œผ๋กœ๋„ ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
– ๊ตฌ๋ฆฌ: ๊ธˆ์†์œผ๋กœ์„œ ์ „๊ธฐ ๋ฐ ์—ด ์ „๋„์„ฑ์ด ๋›ฐ์–ด๋‚˜๊ณ  ๋ถ€์‹์— ๊ฐ•ํ•œ ํŠน์ง•์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์›์†Œ์ด๋‹ค.
– ๋‹ˆ์ผˆ: ๊ธˆ์†์œผ๋กœ์„œ ์ „๊ธฐ ๋ฐ ์—ด ์ „๋„์„ฑ์ด ๋›ฐ์–ด๋‚˜๊ณ  ๋ถ€์‹์— ๊ฐ•ํ•œ ํŠน์ง•์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์›์†Œ์ด๋‹ค.
– ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”ผํŠธ: ํƒ„์†Œ ์›์†Œ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ ๋ฌผ์งˆ๋กœ์„œ ์ „๊ธฐ ์ „๋„๋„๊ฐ€ ๋†’์€ ํŠน์ง•์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค.

๊ด€๋ จ ๋งํฌ:
๊ตญ์ œ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ (IEA) – ์ „๊ธฐ์ฐจ(EV)์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์ •๋ณด
๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋ถ€ – ์ „๊ธฐ์ฐจ(EV)์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์ •๋ณด

ByMariusz Lewandowski

Mariusz Lewandowski is a dedicated writer and thought leader specializing in new technologies and fintech. He holds a degree in Computer Science from the renowned University of California, Berkeley, where he developed a strong foundation in data analysis and software development. With over a decade of professional experience, Mariusz has contributed his insights to various tech publications and industry journals. His expertise is further enhanced by his tenure at FinServ Innovations, where he played a pivotal role in exploring innovative financial solutions and digital transformation strategies. Mariusz is passionate about bridging the gap between technology and finance, and he aims to empower readers with valuable knowledge in this rapidly evolving landscape.